1. Bought from Tonying and Company, Inc., New York. For price, see Freer Gallery of Art Purchase List after 1920.
2. (Thomas Lawton, 1978) Attribution changed from Early Chou [Zhou] 周 to Shang 商.
3. (Stephen Allee, April 7, 2008) As per Jenny F. So, Jade Project Database, changed Period One (Shang 商 dynasty) to (Late Neolithic period), changed Date (1600--1050 BCE) to (ca. 2500--2000 BCE), Object name (Ceremonial Objects). Added: Artist (Qijia 齊家 culture), Geographical region (Northwest China); plus Description and Related Objects per Jenny F. So and Dimensions per Christine Lee, from Jade Project Database. Also, identification as nephrite entered as per Elisabeth West Fitzhugh, as determined by x ray diffraction, February 1956.
Under Related Objects, added "(Jenny F. So, from Jade Project Database) Cf. reference to a large disk 'as large as a straw hat' that was recovered (in 1950s--60s) with a cong 琮 from Chang'an 長安 Shangchuancun 上川村. The disk was reportedly sold by a local sometime in the late 1970s. Site and cong 琮 given traditional Western Zhou 周 dates, but conceivable that they may be earlier (Dai Yingxin 戴應新, "Shenmu Shimao Longshan wenhua yuqi tansuo 神木石峁龍山文化玉器探索," Gugong wenwu yuekan 故宮文物月刊 The National Palace Museum Monthly of Chinese Art 1993.8, p. 49). Cf. Slightly smaller but thicker disk in the Paul Singer collection [S1999.120.2]: identical material."
4. (Jeffrey Smith per Keith Wilson, July 17, 2008) Ceremonial Objects added as secondary classification.
5. (Stephen Allee per Keith Wilson, March 23, 2009) Date changed from "2500--2000 BCE" to "ca. 2250--ca. 1900 BCE." In Medium, designation "nephrite" confirmed by Janet Douglas using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (January 8, 2009).
Usage conditions apply
There are restrictions for re-using this image. For more information, visit the Smithsonian's Terms of Use page.
The information presented on this website may be revised and updated at any time as ongoing research progresses or as otherwise warranted. Pending any such revisions and updates, information on this site may be incomplete or inaccurate or may contain typographical errors. Neither the Smithsonian nor its regents, officers, employees, or agents make any representations about the accuracy, reliability, completeness, or timeliness of the information on the site. Use this site and the information provided on it subject to your own judgment. The National Museum of Asian Art welcomes information that would augment or clarify the ownership history of objects in their collections..